Artificial spin ices consist of nanomagnets arranged on the sites of various periodic and
aperiodic lattices. They have enabled the experimental investigation of a variety of …

Frustration, the presence of competing interactions, is ubiquitous in the physical sciences
and is a source of degeneracy and disorder, which in turn gives rise to new and interesting …

Micromagnetics has been the method of choice to interpret experimental data in the area of
microscopic magnetism for several decades. In this article, we show how progress has been …

Artificial spin-ice systems are lithographically patterned arrangements of interacting
magnetic nanostructures that were introduced as way of investigating the effects of …

Artificial spin ice is a class of lithographically created arrays of interacting ferromagnetic
nanometre-scale islands. It was introduced to investigate many-body phenomena related to …

Lithographic processing and film growth technologies are continuing to advance, so that it is
now possible to create patterned ferroic materials consisting of arrays of sub-1 μm elements …

Recent advances in nanotechnology allow model systems to be constructed, in which
frustrated interactions can be tuned at will, such as artificial spin ice. The symmetry of the …

This review presents the effective temperature notion as defined from the deviations from the
equilibrium fluctuation–dissipation theorem in out-of-equilibrium systems with slow …

Artificial ices enable the study of geometrical frustration by design and through direct
observation. However, it has proven difficult to achieve tailored long-range ordering of their …

In 1935, Pauling estimated the residual entropy of water ice with remarkable accuracy by
considering the degeneracy of the ice rule solely at the vertex level. Indeed, his estimate …