Immune checkpoint therapy (ICT) has dramatically altered clinical outcomes for cancer
patients and conferred durable clinical benefits, including cure in a subset of patients …

The discovery of immune checkpoint proteins such as PD-1/PDL-1 and CTLA-4 represents a
significant breakthrough in the field of cancer immunotherapy. Therefore, humanized …

The NCCN Guidelines for Kidney Cancer focus on the screening, diagnosis, staging,
treatment, and management of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Patients with relapsed or stage …

Background Patients with renal-cell carcinoma who undergo nephrectomy have no options
for adjuvant therapy to reduce the risk of recurrence that have high levels of supporting …

Melanoma is the most lethal skin cancer that originates from the malignant transformation of
melanocytes. Although melanoma has long been regarded as a cancerous malignancy with …

Background Immune checkpoint inhibitors are the standard of care for first-line treatment of
patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma, yet optimised treatment of patients whose …

Protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) are a class of proteins with tyrosine kinase activity that
phosphorylate tyrosine residues of critical molecules in signaling pathways. Their basal …

Abnormal vasculature is one of the most conspicuous traits of tumor tissue, largely
contributing to tumor immune evasion. The deregulation mainly arises from the potentiated …

Hypoxia, a hallmark of solid tumors, determines the selection of invasive and aggressive
malignant clones displaying resistance to radiotherapy, conventional chemotherapy or …

The therapeutic algorithm of renal cell carcinoma has been revolutionized by the approval of
immunotherapy agents by regulatory agencies. However, objective and durable responses …