BACKGROUND Ocean-atmosphere interactions in the tropics have a profound influence on
the climate system. El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), which is spawned in the tropical …

Abstract Interactions among the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans through ocean–
atmosphere coupling can initiate and/or modulate climate variability. The Pacific Ocean is …

Naturally occurring tropical Pacific variations at timescales of 7–70 years—tropical Pacific
decadal variability (TPDV)—describe basin-scale sea surface temperature (SST), sea-level …

The lack of a precisely-dated, unequivocal climate proxy from northern China, where
precipitation variability is traditionally considered as an East Asian summer monsoon …

Climate models have continued to be developed and improved since the AR4, and many
models have been extended into Earth System models by including the representation of …

This paper analyzes the differences between ERA-Interim and ERA5 surface winds fields
relative to Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT) ocean vector wind observations, after …

Summary The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) causes climatic fluctuations in the tropics
and extratropics via atmospheric teleconnections. The anomalous Pacific sea surface …

It has been proposed that changes in global climate have been responsible for episodes of
widespread violence and even the collapse of civilizations,. Yet previous studies have not …

El Niño events, the warm phase of the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO), are known to
affect other tropical ocean basins through teleconnections. Conversely, mounting evidence …

Significant climate anomalies persist through the summer (June–August) after El Niño
dissipates in spring over the equatorial Pacific. They include the tropical Indian Ocean (TIO) …