Optogenetic actuators enable highly precise spatiotemporal interrogation of biological
processes at levels ranging from the subcellular to cells, circuits and behaving organisms …

Rhodopsins are photoreceptive membrane proteins consisting of a common heptahelical
transmembrane architecture that contains a retinal chromophore. Rhodopsin was first …

Optical manipulations of genetically defined cell types have generated significant insights
into the dynamics of neural circuits. While optogenetic activation has been relatively …

Degenerative retinal disorders are a diverse family of diseases commonly leading to
irreversible photoreceptor death, while leaving the inner retina relatively intact. Over recent …

Despite the fact that roughly 40% of all US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved
pharmacological therapeutics target G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs), there remains a …

The first member and eponym of the rhodopsin family was identified in the 1930s as the
visual pigment of the rod photoreceptor cell in the animal retina. It was found to be a …

Optogenetic gene therapies to restore vision are in clinical trials. Whilst current clinical
approaches target the ganglion cells, the output neurons of the retina, new molecular tools …

Optical control of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling is a highly valuable
approach for comprehensive understanding of GPCR-based physiologies and controlling …

Animal opsins, light-sensitive G protein-coupled receptors, have been used for optogenetic
tools to control G protein-dependent signaling pathways. Upon G protein activation, the Gα …

G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) transmit signals into cells depending on the G protein
type. To analyze the functions of GPCR signaling, we assessed the effectiveness of animal …