Humans live in a 24-hour environment, in which light and darkness follow a diurnal pattern.
Our circadian pacemaker, the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) in the hypothalamus, is …

Lighting based on light-emitting diodes (LEDs) not only is more energy efficient than
traditional lighting, but also enables improved performance and control. The colour, intensity …

The melanopsin-expressing, intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) are
a relatively recently discovered class of atypical ganglion cell photoreceptor. These ipRGCs …

The mammalian visual system encodes information over a remarkable breadth of
spatiotemporal scales and light intensities. This performance originates with its complement …

Light around twilight provides the primary entrainment signal for circadian rhythms. Here we
review the mechanisms and responses of the mouse and human circadian systems to light …

Light profoundly affects our mental and physical health. In particular, light, when not
delivered at the appropriate time, may have detrimental effects. In mammals, light is …

A subset of mammalian retinal ganglion cells expresses an opsin photopigment
(melanopsin, Opn4) and is intrinsically photosensitive. The human retina contains …

The number of research groups studying the pupil is increasing, as is the number of
publications. Consequently, new standards in pupillography are needed to formalize the …

International standard CIE S 026: 2018 provides lighting professionals and field researchers
in chronobiology with a method to characterize light exposures with respect to non-visual …

Twilight is characterised by changes in both quantity (“irradiance”) and quality (“colour”) of
light. Animals use the variation in irradiance to adjust their internal circadian clocks, aligning …