Although the etiology and expression of psychiatric disorders are complex, mammals show
biologically preserved behavioral and neurobiological responses to valent stimuli which …

Negative social experiences during adolescence are central features for several stress-
related mental illnesses. Social play fighting behavior in rats peaks during early …

PTSD occurs in only a small fraction of trauma-exposed individuals, but risk is twice as high
in women as in men. The neurobiological basis for this discrepancy is not known, but the …

The comorbidity of depression and addiction has become a serious public health issue, and
the relationship between these two disorders and their potential mechanisms has attracted …

Early life experiences play a key role in brain function and behaviour. Adverse events during
childhood are therefore a risk factor for psychiatric disease during adulthood, such as mood …

Rationale Preclinical studies indicate that gonadal hormones are important determinants of
drug self-administration. To date, little is known about the influence of sex and estrous cycle …

Based on their pharmacological properties, psychoactive drugs are supposed to take control
of the natural reward system to finally drive compulsory drug seeking and consumption …

Both the ostensibly aversive effects of unpredictable episodes of social stress and the
intensely rewarding effects of drugs of abuse activate the mesocorticolimbic dopamine …

A large body of evidence has emerged linking stressful experiences, particularly from one's
social environment, with psychiatric disorders. However, vast individual differences emerge …

Abstract Background The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) recently released a
Request for Information (RFI) soliciting comments on nonhuman animal models of …