As succinctly summarized by Wolf, 1 lack of vitamin A (all-trans-retinol) was recognized by
ancient Egyptians as causing a visual deficiency involving the retina and cornea that could …

Retinoids comprise a group of compounds each composed of three basic parts: a
trimethylated cyclohexene ring that is a bulky hydrophobic group, a conjugated tetraene side …

Carotenoids exert a rich variety of physiological functions in mammals and are beneficial for
human health. These lipids are acquired from the diet and metabolized to apocarotenoids …

Vitamin A (all-trans-retinol, 1, Figure 1) is considered the most multifunctional vitamin in the
human body. 1 It plays key roles in many physiological processes such as vision …

Visual perception in humans occurs through absorption of electromagnetic radiation from
400 to 780 nm by photoreceptors in the retina. A photon of visible light carries a sufficient …

Carotenoids are the precursors for vitamin A and are proposed to prevent oxidative damage
to cells. Mammalian genomes encode a family of structurally related nonheme iron …

Rhodopsin, the visual pigment mediating vision under dim light, is composed of the
apoprotein opsin and the chromophore ligand 11-cis-retinal. A P23H mutation in the opsin …

The death of photoreceptor cells in dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and
autosomal recessive Stargardt disease (STGD1) is closely associated with disruption in all …

Compromised clearance of all-trans-retinal (atRAL), a component of the retinoid cycle,
increases the susceptibility of mouse retina to acute light-induced photoreceptor …

Mammalian genomes encode two provitamin A-converting enzymes as follows: the β-
carotene-15, 15′-oxygenase (BCO1) and the β-carotene-9′, 10′-oxygenase (BCO2) …