Transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) and related growth factors are secreted pleiotropic
factors that play critical roles in embryogenesis and adult tissue homeostasis by regulating …

Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors control a wide range of biological
functions, regulating cellular proliferation, survival, migration and differentiation. Although …

Physiologically important cell-signalling networks are complex, and contain several points of
regulation, signal divergence and crosstalk with other signalling cascades. Here, we use the …

Endocytosis entails selective packaging of cell-surface proteins, such as receptors for
cytokines and adhesion components, in cytoplasmic vesicles (endosomes). The series of …

The social amoebae are exceptional in their ability to alternate between unicellular and
multicellular forms. Here we describe the genome of the best-studied member of this group …

Most tissue macrophages and osteoclasts are regulated by colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-
1, also known as macrophage CSF). The effects of CSF-1 are mediated by the CSF-1 …

Protein ubiquitylation is a recognized signal for protein degradation. However, it is
increasingly realized that ubiquitin conjugation to proteins can be used for many other …

Ubiquitylation is an emerging mechanism implicated in a variety of nonproteolytic cellular
functions. The attachment of a single ubiquitin (Ub) or poly‐Ub (lysine 63) chains to proteins …

Many cellular proteins are post-translationally modified by the addition of a single ubiquitin
or a polyubiquitin chain. Among these are receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), which undergo …

Fibroblast growth factors (FGF) and their receptors serve many functions in both the
developing and adult organism. Humans contain 18 FGF ligands and four FGF receptors …