The dopaminergic system plays important roles in neuromodulation, such as motor control,
motivation, reward, cognitive function, maternal, and reproductive behaviors. Dopamine is a …

Involuntary movements, or dyskinesia, represent a debilitating complication of levodopa (L-
dopa) therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD). L-dopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) are ultimately …

Ketamine is used clinically as an anaesthetic and a fast-acting antidepressant, and
recreationally for its dissociative properties, raising concerns of addiction as a possible side …

G protein-coupled dopamine receptors (D1, D2, D3, D4, and D5) mediate all of the
physiological functions of the catecholaminergic neurotransmitter dopamine, ranging from …

Dopamine (DA) regulates emotional and motivational behavior through the mesolimbic
dopaminergic pathway. Changes in DA mesolimbic neurotransmission have been found to …

The nucleus accumbens is a key mediator of cocaine reward, but the distinct roles of the two
subpopulations of nucleus accumbens projection neurons, those expressing dopamine D1 …

Conditioned place preference (CPP) continues to be one of the most popular models to
study the motivational effects of drugs and non‐drug treatments in experimental animals …

Dopamine plays an important role in the etiology of schizophrenia, and D2 class dopamine
receptors are the best-established target of antipsychotic drugs. Here we show that D2 class …

Microdialysis studies in animals have shown that addictive drugs preferentially increase
extracellular dopamine (DA) in the n. accumbens (NAc). Brain imaging studies, while …

Drug-evoked synaptic plasticity is observed at many synapses and may underlie
behavioural adaptations in addiction. Mechanistic investigations start with the identification …