Abstract The Southern Annular Mode (SAM) is the leading mode of extratropical Southern
Hemisphere climate variability, associated with changes in the strength and position of the …

El Niño and La Niña events in the tropical Pacific have significant and disrupting impacts on
the global atmospheric and oceanic circulation. El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) …

Climate models have continued to be developed and improved since the AR4, and many
models have been extended into Earth System models by including the representation of …

This chapter assesses the causes of observed changes assessed in Chapters 2 to 5 and
uses understanding of physical processes, climate models and statistical approaches. The …

Phytoplankton are the base of the Antarctic food web, sustain the wealth and diversity of life
for which Antarctica is renowned, and play a critical role in biogeochemical cycles that …

An extreme (weather or climate) event is generally defined as the occurrence of a value of a
weather or climate variable above (or below) a threshold value near the upper (or lower) …

This chapter assesses the scientific literature describing expectations for near-term climate
(present through mid-century). Unless otherwise stated," near-term" change and the …

Uncertainty in future climate change presents a key challenge for adaptation planning. In
this study, uncertainty arising from internal climate variability is investigated using a new 40 …

Anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases have driven and
will continue to drive widespread climate change at the Earth's surface. But surface climate …

Observations show robust near-surface trends in Southern Hemisphere tropospheric
circulation towards the end of the twentieth century, including a poleward shift in the mid …