Given the growing interest in retrieval practice among educators, it is valuable to know when
retrieval practice does and does not improve student learning—particularly for educators …

Tests have been vastly used for the assessment of learning in educational contexts.
Recently, however, a growing body of research has shown that the practice of remembering …

Review of learned material is crucial for the learning process. One approach that promises
to increase the effectiveness of reviewing during learning is to answer questions about the …

Proportional reasoning failures seem to constitute most errors in probabilistic reasoning, yet
there is little empirical evidence about its role for attaining probabilistic knowledge and how …

In forward testing effects, taking a test enhances memory for subsequently studied material.
These effects have been observed for previously studied and tested items, a potentially item …

The testing effect is both robust and generalizable. However, most of the underlying studies
compare testing to a rather ineffective control condition: massed repeated reading. This …

The present field study compared open-book testing and closed-book testing in two
(parallel) introductory university courses in cognitive psychology. The critical manipulation …

This paper focuses on the factors that are likely to play a role in individual learning outcomes
from group discussions, and it includes a comparison featuring test-enhanced learning. A …

The testing effect refers to the benefits to retention that result from structuring learning
activities in the form of a test. As educators consider implementing test-enhanced learning …

It is well established that quizzing fosters learning. However, some gaps in the literature
relating to the fit of quizzing to learner characteristics and learner perceptions during …