The incidence and prevalence of diabetes mellitus is rapidly increasing worldwide at an
alarming rate. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the most prevalent form of diabetes …

Membrane vesicles released in the extracellular space are composed of a lipid bilayer
enclosing soluble cytosolic material and nuclear components. Extracellular vesicles include …

To maintain physiological homeostasis, cell turnover occurs every day in the body via a form
of programmed cell death called apoptosis. During apoptosis, cells undergo distinct …

Despite their small size and anucleate status, platelets have diverse roles in vascular
biology. Not only are platelets the cellular mediator of thrombosis, but platelets are also …

Both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells release small, phospholipid-enclosed vesicles into
their environment. Why do cells release vesicles? Initial studies showed that eukaryotic …

Release of membrane vesicles, a process conserved in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes,
represents an evolutionary link, and suggests essential functions of a dynamic extracellular …

Vascular endothelial cells (ECs) are exposed to hemodynamic forces, which modulate EC
functions and vascular biology/pathobiology in health and disease. The flow patterns and …

Body fluids contain surprising numbers of cell-derived vesicles which are now thought to
contribute to both physiology and pathology. Tools to improve the detection of vesicles are …

Blood contains microparticles (MPs) derived from a variety of cell types, including platelets,
monocytes, and endothelial cells. In addition, tumors release MPs into the circulation. MPs …

In normal vascular physiology, NO plays a key role to maintain the vascular wall in a
quiescent state by inhibition of inflammation, cellular proliferation, and thrombosis. This is in …