Host defense against viral pathogens is an essential function for all living organisms. In cell-
intrinsic innate immunity, dedicated sensor proteins recognize molecular signatures of …

Summary NAD (H) and NADP (H) have traditionally been viewed as co-factors (or co-
enzymes) involved in a myriad of oxidation-reduction reactions including the electron …

The plant immune system involves cell-surface receptors that detect intercellular pathogen-
derived molecules, and intracellular receptors that activate immunity upon detection of …

Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is a receptor in human cells that senses foreign cyclic
dinucleotides that are released during bacterial infection and in endogenous cyclic GMP …

Abstract The Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain is a canonical component of animal
and plant immune systems,. In plants, intracellular pathogen sensing by immune receptors …

Summary 2′, 3′-cAMP is a positional isomer of the well-established second messenger
3′, 5′-cAMP, but little is known about the biology of this noncanonical cyclic nucleotide …

Argonaute proteins use single-stranded RNA or DNA guides to target complementary
nucleic acids. This allows eukaryotic Argonaute proteins to mediate RNA interference and …

SARM1 (sterile alpha and TIR motif containing 1) is responsible for depletion of
nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in its oxidized form (NAD+) during Wallerian …

INTRODUCTION Plants and animals respond to pathogen invasion through intracellular
nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) that directly interact with pathogen …

Cyclic adenosine diphosphate (ADP)–ribose (cADPR) isomers are signaling molecules
produced by bacterial and plant Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domains via nicotinamide …