Based on Dörnyei's L2 Motivational Self System (L2MSS), this study explored senior
secondary students' multiple L2 selves when they enrolled in English private tutoring (EPT) …

Geographic research on neoliberalism has explored the restructuring of educational
landscapes wrought through marketisation of preschool, school and higher‐education …

Private supplementary tutoring in the form of preparatory courses to university entrance
examinations is present in Finland alongside public higher education (HE). We explore the …

This study compares the teaching effectiveness of cram school tutors and schoolteachers of
English based on the perceptions of senior secondary students in Hong Kong. It adopts a …

While quantitative research on the nature and extent of private tutoring in England is
increasingly available, very limited evidence exists regarding pupils' voices in evaluating …

This mixed-methods study explored the nature, effectiveness, and policy implications of the
fee-charging private supplementary tutoring (PT)—including online—that first-year …

This paper provides a comparative analysis of the drivers of English Language Competence
(ELC) in a representative sample of European adolescents. School factors–such as English …

This paper challenges geographers to examine the lucrative, but vastly understudied, global
supplementary education sector (eg private tuition; learning centres; cram schools). It marks …

Education researchers have explored the marketisation of schools resulting from neoliberal
education policy, but little attention has been paid to supplementary education markets …

Purpose: This study focuses on courses that prepare applicants for universities' highly
competitive entrance examinations in Finland. The analysis clarifies the market-making …