Purines and their derivatives, most notably adenosine and ATP, are the key molecules
controlling intracellular energy homoeostasis and nucleotide synthesis. Besides, these …

T cells play a critical role in cancer control, but a range of potent immunosuppressive
mechanisms can be upregulated in the tumor microenvironment (TME) to abrogate their …

Metastasis is the major cause of cancer death, and the development of therapy resistance is
common. The tumor microenvironment can confer chemotherapy resistance …

Certain chemotherapeutics and forms of ionizing radiation can induce immunogenic cell
death (ICD). If there simultaneously exist immune adjuvants within the tumor, such antitumor …

Background Cancer immunotherapy has changed the standard of care for a subgroup of
patients with advanced disease. Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) in particular has shown …

Virtually, all tumor cells as well as all immune cells express plasma membrane receptors for
extracellular nucleosides (adenosine) and nucleotides (ATP, ADP, UTP, UDP and sugar …

The immune system deploys a multitude of innate and adaptive mechanisms not only to
ward off pathogens but also to prevent malignant transformation (“immune surveillance”) …

Cancer treatment has rapidly entered the age of immunotherapy, and it is becoming clear
that the effective therapy of established tumors necessitates rational multi-combination …

Apoptotic cells have long been considered as intrinsically tolerogenic or unable to elicit
immune responses specific for dead cell-associated antigens. However, multiple stimuli can …

Although it was thought that apoptotic cells, when rapidly phagocytosed, underwent a silent
death that did not trigger an immune response, in recent years a new concept of …