The adenosine modulation system mostly operates through inhibitory A1 (A1R) and
facilitatory A2A receptors (A2AR) in the brain. The activity‐dependent release of adenosine …

Environmental toxins are harmful substances detrimental to humans. Constant exposure to
these fatal neurotoxins can cause various neurodegenerative disorders. Although …

Adenosine receptors (ARs) have emerged as new drug targets. The majority of data on
affinity/potency and selectivity of AR ligands described in the literature has been obtained for …

Background and Purpose Caffeine (a non‐selective adenosine receptor antagonist)
prevents memory deficits in aging and A lzheimer's disease, an effect mimicked by …

Abstract Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disorder, is
characterized by cardinal motor impairments, including akinesia and tremor, as well as by a …

It is now generally accepted that astrocytes are active players in synaptic transmission, so
that a neurocentric perspective of the integrative signal communication in the central …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease
displaying negative impacts on both the health and social ability of patients and …

Traditionally, dopamine (DA) and acetylcholine (ACh) striatal systems were considered
antagonistic and imbalances or aberrant signaling between these neurotransmitter systems …

Dopamine exerts its physiological effects through two subtypes of receptors, ie the receptors
of the D 1 family (D 1R and D 5R) and the D 2 family (D 2R, D 3R, and D 4R), which differ in …

Background Tremor is the most common movement disorder; however, the pathophysiology
of tremor remains elusive. While several neuropathological alterations in tremor disorders …