Recent experiments in divergent fields of birdsong have revealed that vocal performance is
important for reproductive success and under active control by distinct neural circuits. Vocal …

New neurons are added throughout the forebrain of adult birds. The song-control system is a
model to investigate the addition of new long-projection neurons to a cortical circuit that …

Naturally occurring hormone cycles in adult female humans and rodents create a dynamic
neuroendocrine environment. These cycles include the menstrual cycle in humans and its …

Estradiol acutely facilitates sex differences in striatum-dependent behaviors. However, little
is understood regarding the underlying mechanism. In striatal regions in adult rodents …

Chickens, as well as other animals, have the ability to change their behavior (behavioral
plasticity) and physiology (physiological plasticity) based on the costs and benefits to fit their …

The plainfin midshipman fish, Porichthys notatus, is a seasonal breeding teleost fish for
which vocal–acoustic communication is essential for its reproductive success. Female …

Sex steroidal hormones coordinate the development and maintenance of tissue architecture
in many organs, including the central nervous systems (CNS). Within the CNS, sex steroids …

Sex differences in neuron electrophysiological properties were traditionally associated with
brain regions directly involved in reproduction in adult, postpubertal animals. There is …

Singing of songbirds is sensitive to testosterone and its androgenic and estrogenic
metabolites in a species-specific way. The hormonal effects on song pattern are likely …

Steroid sex hormones and genetic sex regulate the phenotypes of motivated behaviors and
relevant disorders. Most studies seeking to elucidate the underlying neuroendocrine …