To understand subjective evaluation of an option, various disciplines have quantified the
interaction between reward and effort during decision making, producing an estimate of …

Highlights•In theory, priority maps may be used to guide saccades and covert
attention.•Brain areas LIP, FEF and SC have each been described as a priority map.•We …

Long-term learning of language, mathematics, and motor skills likely requires cortical
plasticity, but behavior often requires much faster changes, sometimes even after single …

During foraging, animals decide how long to stay at a patch and harvest reward, and then,
they move with certain vigor to another location. How does the brain decide when to leave …

In uncertain environments, decision-makers must balance two goals: they must" exploit"
rewarding options but also" explore" in order to discover rewarding alternatives. Exploring …

Frontal and parietal cortex are implicated in economic decision-making, but their causal
roles are untested. Here we silenced the frontal orienting field (FOF) and posterior parietal …

A perceptual judgment is typically characterized by constructing psychometric and
chronometric functions, ie, by mapping the accuracies and reaction times of motor choices …

During deliberation, as we quietly consider our options, the neural activities representing the
decision variables that reflect the goodness of each option rise in various regions of the …

The cerebellum resembles a feedforward, three-layer network of neurons in which the
“hidden layer” consists of Purkinje cells (P-cells) and the output layer consists of deep …

Decisions are made based on the subjective value that the brain assigns to options.
However, subjective value is a mathematical construct that cannot be measured directly, but …