Depression, a severe psychiatric disorder, has been studied for decades, but the underlying
mechanisms still remain largely unknown. Depression is closely associated with alterations …

Major depressive disorder is a chronic debilitating mental illness. Its pathophysiology at
cellular and molecular levels is incompletely understood. Increasing evidence supports a …

Mounting evidence suggests that gut microbiota can play an important role in
pathophysiology of depression, but its specific molecular mechanisms are still unclear. This …

Exercise is known to have beneficial effects on cognition, mood, and the brain. However,
exercise also activates the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and increases levels of the …

The neurotrophic hypothesis of depression proposes that reduced levels of brain-derived
neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) contribute to …

Women are twice as likely to experience depression than men, yet until recently, preclinical
studies in rodents have focused almost exclusively on males. As interest in sex differences …

Background Chronic restraint stress (CRS) is widely used to recapitulate depression
phenotypes in rodents but is frequently criticized for a perceived lack of efficacy. The aim of …

Early-life stress is a potent risk factor for development of psychiatric conditions such as
depression. The underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we used the early …

Depressive disorders have been shown to be highly influenced by environmental
pathogenic factors, some of which are believed to exert stress on human brain functioning …

The mechanism of action underlying ketamine's rapid antidepressant effects in patients with
depression, both suffering from major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD) …