Autophagy is an intracellular self-degradative mechanism which responds to cellular
conditions like stress or starvation and plays a key role in regulating cell metabolism, energy …

Induction of cell death and inhibition of cell survival are the main principles of cancer
therapy. Resistance to chemotherapeutic agents is a major problem in oncology, which …

Cisplatin is one of the most widely-used drugs to treat cancers. However, its nephrotoxic and
ototoxic side-effects remain major clinical limitations. Recent studies have improved our …

Increased transcriptional activity of β-catenin resulting from Wnt/Wingless-dependent or-
independent signaling has been detected in many types of human cancer, but the …

Epidemiology Vulvar cancer can be classified into two groups according to predisposing
factors: the first type correlates with a HPV infection and occurs mostly in younger patients …

A hallmark feature of tumorigenesis is uncontrolled cell division. Autophagy is regulated by
more than 30 genes and it is one of several mechanisms by which cells maintain …

Cellular signal transduction is a complex process involving protein-protein interactions
(PPIs) that transmit information. For example, signals from the plasma membrane may be …

Multidrug resistance (MDR) remains a major clinical obstacle to successful cancer treatment.
Although diverse mechanisms of MDR have been well elucidated, such as dysregulation of …

Despite an increase in the incidence of breast cancer worldwide, overall prognosis has
been consistently improving owing to the development of multiple targeted therapies and …

Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors gefitinib and erlotinib have been
widely used in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer. Unfortunately, the efficacy of EGFR …