Abstract Outer Membrane Vesicles (OMV) have received increased attention in recent years
as a vaccine platform against bacterial pathogens. OMV from Neisseria meningitidis …

Antibiotic therapy is one of the most important approaches against bacterial infections.
However, the improper use of antibiotics and the emergence of drug resistance have …

The development of more effective, accessible, and easy to administer COVID-19 vaccines
next to the currently marketed mRNA, viral vector, and whole inactivated virus vaccines is …

Gram‐negative bacteria produce outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) with 10 to 300 nm of
diameter. The contribution of OMVs to bacterial pathogenesis is a topic of great interest, and …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are phospholipidic bi-layer enclosed nanoparticles secreted
naturally by all cell types. They are attracting increasing attention in the fields of …

Bacterial membrane vesicles (BMVs) are cupped-shaped structures formed by bacteria in
response to environmental stress, genetic alteration, antibiotic exposure, and others. Due to …

Cancer therapy is undergoing a paradigm shift toward immunotherapy focusing on various
approaches to activate the host immune system. As research to identify appropriate immune …

Gram-negative bacteria include a number of pathogens that cause disease in humans and
animals. Although antibiotics are still effective in treating a considerable range of infections …

Vaccine adjuvants are substances that improve the immune capacity of a recombinant
vaccine to a great extent and have been in use since the early 1900s; they are primarily …

Outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) are spontaneously released by many gram-negative
bacteria during their growth and constitute an important virulence factor for bacteria, helping …