Sexual selection mediated by multimodal signals is common among polygynous species,
including seasonally breeding mammals. Indirect benefit models provide plausible …

The value of age is well recognized in human societies, where older individuals often
emerge as leaders in tasks requiring specialized knowledge, but what part do such …

The ability to track gonadal function is facilitated by the use of endocrine and ultrasound
techniques, both of which are important tools for optimizing reproduction and ensuring …

Elephants have fascinated humans for millennia. Aristotle wrote of them with awe; Hannibal
used them in warfare; and John Donne called the elephant “Nature's greatest masterpiece …

Knowledge of population processes across various ecological and management settings
offers important insights for species conservation and life history. In regard to its ecological …

As part of a multi-institutional study of zoo elephant welfare, we evaluated female elephants
managed by zoos accredited by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums and applied …

Introduction Short post-reproductive lifespan is widespread across species, but prolonged
post-reproductive life-stages of potential adaptive significance have been reported only in …

The 1-m-tall dwarf elephant Palaeoloxodon falconeri from the Pleistocene of Sicily (Italy) is
an extreme example of insular dwarfism and epitomizes the Island Rule. Based on scaling of …

African forest elephants Loxodonta cyclotis are experiencing persistent declines driven by
illegal killing and range loss. Despite the importance for policy debates regarding elephant …

Simple Summary Among all taxa, messages transmitted via chemical signals are the oldest
and most universal. For Asian and African elephants, odors convey information between …