Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Glutamate
transmission efficiency depends on the correct functionality and expression of a plethora of …

Cytokines are proteins secreted in the central nervous system by neurons, microglia,
astrocytes and infiltrating peripheral immune cells under physiological and pathological …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disease, the pathological
features of which include the presence of Lewy bodies and the neurodegeneration of …

Increasing data indicate that inflammation and alterations in glutamate neurotransmission
are two novel pathways to pathophysiology in mood disorders. The primary goal of this …

Increasing evidence underlines that prototypical inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-
6) either synthesized in the central (CNS) or peripheral nervous system (PNS) by resident …

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF‐α) is a proinflammatory cytokine that exerts both
homeostatic and pathophysiological roles in the central nervous system. In pathological …

The understanding of manganese (Mn) biology, in particular its cellular regulation and role
in neurological disease, is an area of expanding interest. Mn is an essential micronutrient …

Adolescence is a developmental period when physical and cognitive abilities are optimized,
when social skills are consolidated, and when sexuality, adolescent behaviors, and frontal …

Alcohol consumption and stress increase brain levels of known innate immune signaling
molecules. Microglia, the innate immune cells of the brain, and neurons respond to alcohol …

This paper reviews that cell-mediated-immune (CMI) activation and inflammation contribute
to depressive symptoms, including anhedonia; anxiety-like behaviors; fatigue and somatic …