Anxiety is experienced in response to threats that are distal or uncertain, involving changes
in one's subjective state, autonomic responses, and behavior. Defensive and physiologic …

The medial frontal cortex and adjacent orbitofrontal cortex have been the focus of
investigations of decision-making, behavioral flexibility, and social behavior. We review …

Depression is a common, devastating illness. Current pharmacotherapies help many
patients, but high rates of a partial response or no response, and the delayed onset of the …

The prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays a critical role in the generation and regulation of emotion.
However, we lack an integrative framework for understanding how different emotion-related …

BACKGROUND It is widely believed that the human sense of smell is inferior to that of other
mammals, especially rodents and dogs. This Review traces the scientific history of this idea …

People with damage to the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) have specific problems making
decisions, whereas their other cognitive functions are spared. Neurophysiological studies …

Uncertainty about a possible future threat disrupts our ability to avoid it or to mitigate its
negative impact and thus results in anxiety. Here, we focus the broad literature on the …

In many circumstances alternative courses of action and thoughts have to be inhibited to
allow the emergence of goal-directed behavior. However, this has not been the accepted …

We use mental models of the world—cognitive maps—to guide behavior. The lateral
orbitofrontal cortex (lOFC) is typically thought to support behavior by deploying these maps …

When rats come to a decision point, they sometimes pause and look back and forth as if
deliberating over the choice; at other times, they proceed as if they have already made their …