Sexual dimorphism refers to differences between biological sexes that extend beyond
sexual characteristics. In humans, sexual dimorphism in the immune response has been …

Both sex (ie, biological differences) and gender (ie, social or cultural influences) impact
vaccine acceptance, responses, and outcomes. Clinical data illustrate that among children …

Reproduction is a fundamental process for the preservation of the human species. This
process requires a sequence of orchestrated events that are necessary for a successful …

During pregnancy, several tightly coordinated and regulated processes take place to enable
proper fetal development and gestational success. The formation and development of the …

Recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) represents an unresolved problem for contemporary
gynecology and obstetrics. In fact, it is not only a relevant complication of pregnancy, but is …

Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging virus from the Flaviviridae family that is transmitted to
humans by mosquito vectors and represents an important health problem. Infections in …

The immune cells that reside at the interface between the placenta and uterus are thought to
play many important roles in pregnancy. Recent work has revealed that the composition and …

This article is part of a Special Issue “Neuroendocrine-Immune Axis in Health and Disease.”
During pregnancy, it is evolutionarily advantageous for inflammatory immune responses that …

Background The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS‐CoV‐2)
disease 2019 (COVID‐19) seems to have a worse clinical course among infected men …

Citation Saito S, Nakashima A, Shima T, Ito M. Th1/Th2/Th17 and regulatory T‐cell paradigm
in pregnancy. Am J Reprod Immunol 2010 T‐helper (Th) cells play a central role in …