Highlights•The Caenorhabditis elegans motor circuit has a nearly complete connectome.•
Neurogenetic studies are unveiling a rich and complex set of signaling relationships …

Genetically encoded calcium ion (Ca2+) indicators have become very useful and widely
used tools for Ca2+ imaging, not only in cellular models, but also in living organisms …

Efforts are ongoing to map synaptic wiring diagrams, or connectomes, to understand the
neural basis of brain function. However, chemical synapses represent only one type of …

Recent studies on the controllability of complex systems offer a powerful mathematical
framework to systematically explore the structure–function relationship in biological, social …

We present an optogenetic illumination system capable of real-time light delivery with high
spatial resolution to specified targets in freely moving Caenorhabditis elegans. A tracking …

Locomotion requires coordinated motor activity throughout an animal's body. In both
vertebrates and invertebrates, chains of coupled central pattern generators (CPGs) are …

C. elegans is widely used to dissect how neural circuits and genes generate behavior.
During locomotion, worms initiate backward movement to change locomotion direction …

Animals generate diverse motor behaviors, yet how the same motor neurons (MNs)
generate two distinct or antagonistic behaviors remains an open question. Here, we …

Animals use a nervous system for locomotion in some stage of their life cycle. The nematode
Caenorhabditis elegans, a major animal model for almost all fields of experimental biology …

Modern recording techniques enable large-scale measurements of neural activity in a
variety of model organisms. The dynamics of neural activity shed light on how organisms …