Involuntary movements, or dyskinesia, represent a debilitating complication of levodopa (L-
dopa) therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD). L-dopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) are ultimately …

Existing therapeutic strategies for managing Parkinson disease (PD), which focus on
addressing the loss of dopamine and dopaminergic function linked with degeneration of …

Animal models of Parkinson's disease (PD) have proved highly effective in the discovery of
novel treatments for motor symptoms of PD and in the search for clues to the underlying …

For several decades, the dopamine precursor levodopa has been the primary therapy for
Parkinson's disease (PD). However, not all of the motor and non-motor features of PD can …

Increased levels of extracellular glutamate and hyperactivation of glutamatergic receptors in
the basal ganglia trigger a critical cascade of events involving both intracellular pathways …

Fragment screening of a thermostabilized mGlu5 receptor using a high-concentration
radioligand binding assay enabled the identification of moderate affinity, high ligand …

Dopamine replacement therapy with l-DOPA is the most efficacious symptomatic treatment
for Parkinson's disease, but its utility is limited by a development of motor fluctuations and …

Medications such as anticholinergic drugs, dopamine modulators, baclofen, muscle
relaxants, and other pharmacologic agents have been used for a long time to treat dystonia …

In advanced stages of Parkinson's disease, serotonergic terminals take up l-DOPA and
convert it to dopamine. Abnormally released dopamine may participate in the development …

The pathological processes underlying Parkinson's disease (PD) involve more than
dopamine cell loss within the midbrain. These non-dopaminergic neurotransmitters include …