Changes in ploidy are a significant type of genetic variation, describing the number of
chromosome sets per cell. Ploidy evolves in natural populations, clinical populations, and …

The predominance of sex in eukaryotes is still enigmatic. Sex, a composed process of
meiosis and mixis cycles, confers high costs but the selective advantages remain unclear. In …

Crossing over is a nearly universal feature of sexual reproduction. Here, analysis of
crossover numbers on a per-chromosome and per-nucleus basis reveals a fundamental …

The shift from sexual reproduction to parthenogenesis has occurred repeatedly in animals,
but how the loss of sex affects genome evolution remains poorly understood. We generated …

Why and how sexual reproduction is maintained in natural populations, the so-called “queen
of problems,” is a key unanswered question in evolutionary biology. Recent efforts to solve …

The Gaia hypothesis in a strong and frequently criticized form assumes that global
homeostatic mechanisms have evolved by natural selection favoring the maintenance of …

Why sexual reproduction predominates in nature remains a mystery. The mystery stems in
part from the fact that many of the plausible hypotheses for sex have restrictive assumptions …

A few metazoan lineages are thought to have persisted for millions of years without sexual
reproduction. If so, they would offer important clues to the evolutionary paradox of sex itself …

A small number of extraordinary “Major Evolutionary Transitions”(METs) have attracted
attention among biologists. They comprise novel forms of individuality and information, and …

'Species 'is an iconic term in biology. In addition to the countless concepts and definitions of
the term in biology, in the vernacular it also has important applications, for example, in its …