In the absence of an intact interferon (IFN) response, mammals may be susceptible to lethal
viral infection. IFNs are secreted cytokines that activate a signal transduction cascade …

Interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) products take on a number of diverse roles. Collectively,
they are highly effective at resisting and controlling pathogens. In this review, we begin by …

The signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 1 protein plays a key role in the
immune response against viruses and other pathogens by transducing, in the nucleus, the …

The Mx dynamin-like GTPases are key antiviral effector proteins of the type I and type III
interferon (IFN) systems. They inhibit several different viruses by blocking early steps of the …

Current antiretroviral therapy (ART) effectively suppresses Human Immunodeficiency Virus
type 1 (HIV-1) in infected individuals. However, even long term ART does not eradicate HIV …

Interferons (IFNs) exert their anti-viral effects by inducing the expression of hundreds of IFN-
stimulated genes (ISGs). The activity of known ISGs is insufficient to account for the …

The ability of interferons (IFNs) to inhibit HIV-1 replication in cell culture models has long
been recognized, and the therapeutic administration of IFNα to HIV-1-infected patients who …

During acute HIV-1 infection, viral pathogen-associated molecular patterns are recognized
by pathogen-recognition receptors (PRRs) of infected cells, which triggers a signaling …

Guanylate binding proteins (GBPs) are an interferon (IFN)-inducible subfamily of guanosine
triphosphatases (GTPases) with well-established activity against intracellular bacteria and …

To establish a new lineage in the human population, avian influenza A viruses (AIV) must
overcome the intracellular restriction factor MxA. Partial escape from MxA restriction can be …