Ungulate populations are important natural resources, associated with both costs and
benefits. Conflicts have arisen between stakeholders who benefit from high ungulate …

Plant interactions play a key role in forest ecosystem dynamics. The tallest plants, namely
the overstorey trees, are obvious major drivers, particularly in competition for light. This …

Alternative successional trajectories (AST) may result in multiple climax states within an
ecosystem when disturbances affect colonization history. In the boreal forest, ungulates …

Moose (Alces alces) is a large herbivore that can mediate boreal forest regeneration after
timber harvest through selective browsing of tree species. Despite increasing evidence of …

In many oak-rich temperate broadleaved forests of conservation value, high ungulate
browsing pressure restricts oak regeneration. We examined the protection of oak (Quercus …

Large herbivores can shape young forest stands and determine the successional trajectory
of forested ecosystems by selectively browsing palatable species at the sapling stage …

Aims Selective browsing can be a chronic disturbance that reduces the survival, growth and
reproduction of individual species and shapes the composition and structure of plant …

Monitoring of species and their ecosystem attributes is a fundamental requirement in applied
ecology and conservation. However, landscape scale monitoring requires an immense effort …

Deer are regarded to be a keystone species as they play a crucial role in the way an
ecosystem functions. Most deer–forest interaction studies apply a single scale—process of …

Large herbivores are capable of modifying entire ecosystems with a combination of direct
(for example browsing/grazing, trampling, defecation) and indirect (for example affecting …