Lesions of the lower cranial nerves (LCN) are due to numerous causes, which need to be
differentiated to optimize management and outcome. This review aims at summarizing and …

To the Editor: We read with great interest the article by Özveren et al.(3). This study
examined 10 cadaveric heads with microsurgical dissection and identified landmarks for the …

Abstract ANATOMIC LANDMARKS ARE often quite useful in localizing structures within the
human body, especially in the surgical realm. We have reviewed the medical literature and …

Auricular vagal nerve stimulation (AVNS) is an evolving neuromodulation technology that
has a wide range of therapeutic applications across multiple disciplines of medical science …

✓ Glossopharyngeal neuralgia (GPN) is a rare condition in which patients present with
intractable deep throat pain. Similar to trigeminal neuralgia (TN), treatment with …

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to assess how well the
anatomy of the jugular foramen (JF) could be displayed by 3T MR imaging by using a 3D …

Gamma Knife surgery (GKS) is widely recognized as an effective, minimally invasive
treatment for intractable trigeminal neuralgia, but the role of GKS in glossopharyngeal …

Background and Objectives Glossopharyngeal nerve (GPN) blocks are usually performed by
topical, intraoral, or peristyloid approaches, which carry significant complication risks due to …

Introduction Multiple surgical approaches and combinations thereof have been described to
gain access to the jugular foramen. In an area laden with important neurovascular …

The glossopharyngeal nerve is a complicated and mixed nerve including sensory, motor,
parasympathetic, and visceral fibers. It mediates taste, salivation, and swallowing. The low …