An optimally functional brain requires both excitatory and inhibitory inputs that are regulated
and balanced. A perturbation in the excitatory/inhibitory balance—as is the case in some …

Abstract System xc− is a cystine/glutamate antiporter that exchanges extracellular cystine for
intracellular glutamate. Cystine is intracellularly reduced to cysteine, a building block of …

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a pervasive problem in the United States and worldwide, as
the number of diagnosed individuals is increasing yearly and there are no efficacious …

γ-Glutamyl moiety that is attached to the cysteine (Cys) residue in glutathione (GSH) protects
it from peptidase-mediated degradation. The sulfhydryl group of the Cys residue represents …

Glutamate transmission is an important mediator of the development of substance use
disorders, particularly with regard to relapse. The present review summarizes the changes in …

Glutamate is a versatile molecule existing in both the central nervous system and peripheral
organs. Previous studies have mainly focussed on the biological effect of glutamate in the …

Cocaine, amphetamine, and methamphetamine abuse disorders are serious worldwide
health problems. To date, there are no FDA-approved medications for the treatment of these …

The cystine/glutamate antiporter system xc− has been identified as the major source of
extracellular glutamate in several brain regions as well as a modulator of …

The astrocytic cystine/glutamate antiporter system xc− represents an important source of
extracellular glutamate in the central nervous system, with potential impact on excitatory …

Glial cells play an essential role in the complex function of the nervous system. In particular,
astrocytes provide nutritive support for neuronal cells and are involved in regulating synaptic …