The complexity of host–pathogen interactions often leads to distinct clinical outcomes upon
infection with different pathogen strains. In this Review, we explore the interactions between …

The immune system in the gastrointestinal tract plays a crucial role in the control of infection,
as it constitutes the first line of defense against mucosal pathogens. The attractive features of …

Chagas disease is currently endemic to 21 Latin-American countries and has also become a
global concern because of globalization and mass migration of chronically infected …

Trypanosoma cruzi (T. cruzi) is the causative agent for Chagas disease (CD). There is a
critical lack of methods for prevention of infection or treatment of acute infection and chronic …

Oligonucleotides, including antisense oligonucleotides and siRNA, are promising
therapeutic agents against a variety of diseases. Effective delivery of these molecules is …

New effective adjuvants are required to improve the performance of subunit vaccines. Here,
we showed that bis-(3′, 5′)-cyclic dimeric adenosine monophosphate (c-di-AMP), a …

Chagas disease (CD)(American trypanosomiasis caused by Trypanosoma cruzi) is a
parasitic disease endemic in 21 countries in South America, with increasing global spread …

Over 100 years have elapsed since the discovery of Chagas disease and there is still much
to learn regarding pathogenesis and treatment. Although there are antiparasitic drugs …

Cruzain is the major papain-like cysteine protease of Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological
agent causing Chagas' disease in humans in South America. Cruzain is indispensable for …

This review aims to present different aspects related to cruzipain, one of the most important
proteins of the etiological agent of Chagas disease that has been extensively studied in the …