Charged and polar groups, through forming ion pairs, hydrogen bonds, and other less
specific electrostatic interactions, impart important properties to proteins. Modulation of the …

Periodontitis is a dysbiotic inflammatory disease with an adverse impact on systemic health.
Recent studies have provided insights into the emergence and persistence of dysbiotic oral …

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), an autoimmune disease that affects∼ 1% of the human
population, is driven by autoantibodies that target modified self-epitopes, whereas∼ 11% of …

Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) is an intermediate filament (IF) III protein uniquely found
in astrocytes in the central nervous system (CNS), non-myelinating Schwann cells in the …

The CXC chemokine CXCL12 is an important factor in physiological and pathological
processes, including embryogenesis, hematopoiesis, angiogenesis and inflammation …

The management of patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases such as rheumatoid
arthritis (RA) remains a significant challenge. Often the rheumatologist is restricted to …

Protein posttranslational modifications (PTMs) refer to the breaking or generation of covalent
bonds on the backbones or amino acid side chains of proteins and expand the diversity of …

Protein secretion systems are vital for prokaryotic life, as they enable bacteria to acquire
nutrients, communicate with other species, defend against biological and chemical agents …

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by joint inflammation. In
the last few decades, new insights into RA‐specific autoantibodies and B cells have greatly …

Autoimmune responses against posttranslationally modified antigens are a hallmark of
several autoimmune diseases. For example, antibodies against citrullinated protein antigens …