Approximately 37 million people worldwide are infected with human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV). One highly significant complication of HIV infection is the development of HIV …

Opioids are the most widely used analgesics and therefore have often been the focus of
pharmacological research. Macrophages are the most plastic cells in the hematopoietic …

Opioids, such as morphine, are the mainstay for the management of postsurgical pain. Over
the last decade there has been a dramatic increase in deaths related to opioid overdose …

HIV associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) are a group of neurological deficits that
affect approximately half of people living with HIV (PLWH) despite effective antiretroviral …

With the current national opioid crisis, it is critical to examine the mechanisms underlying
pathophysiologic interactions between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and opioids in …

This paper is the thirty-sixth consecutive installment of the annual review of research
concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2013 …

Despite the effectiveness of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) in suppressing virus
replication, chronic inflammation remains one of the cardinal features intersecting HIV-1 …

Despite the ability of combination antiretroviral therapy to dramatically suppress viremia, the
brain continues to be a reservoir of HIV-1 low-level replication. Adding further complexity to …

Visceral pain, observed in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients, is a challenging
medical problem and remains poorly understood because the mechanisms underlying it are …

Autophagy is a highly regulated process in which excessive cytoplasmic materials are
captured and degraded during deprivation conditions. The unique nature of autophagy that …