Adenosine is a ubiquitous endogenous modulator with the main function of maintaining
cellular and tissue homeostasis in pathological and stress conditions. It exerts its effect …

Microglial cells, the resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS), exist in a
process-bearing, ramified/surveying phenotype under resting conditions. Upon activation by …

Retinal neurodegenerative diseases like age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma,
diabetic retinopathy and retinitis pigmentosa each have a different etiology and …

Ischemic stroke is a major cause of death. Besides the direct damage resulting from oxygen
and glucose deprivation, sterile inflammation plays a pivotal role in increasing cellular …

The importance of adenosine for human health cannot be overstated. Indeed, this ubiquitous
nucleoside is an integral component of ATP, and regulates the function of every tissue and …

The main focus for the development of adenosine targets as analgesics to date has been A
1 Rs due to its antinociceptive profile in various preclinical pain models. The usefulness of …

Microglia are the main resident immune-competent cell type of the central nervous system
(CNS); these cells are highly sensitive to subtle changes in the chemical environment of the …

Microglia are the tissue-resident immune cells of the central nervous system, where they
constitute the first line of defense against any pathogens or injury. Microglia are highly motile …

Introduction: The mechanism of sensitization of the central nervous system partly explains
the chronic pain experience in many patients, but the etiological mechanisms of this central …

This review discusses the evidence supporting a role for ATP signaling (operated by P 2 X
and P 2 Y receptors) and adenosine signaling (mainly operated by A 1 and A 2A receptors) …