The pivotal role of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in the initiation and advancement of
hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is widely acknowledged, as it fosters the proliferation and …

Thyroid cancer is a common endocrine malignancy with increasing incidence globally.
Although most cases can be treated effectively, some cases are more aggressive and have …

Importance BRAF/MEK inhibitors revolutionized the treatment ofBRAFV600E-variant
anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (BRAFv-ATC), offering improved outcomes for patients with this …

Both anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) and papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) originate from
thyroid follicular epithelial cells, but ATC has a significantly worse prognosis and shows …

Importance Aggressive thyroid carcinoma, including radioiodine refractory (RAIR)
differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC), medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), and anaplastic …

Poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma (PDTC) is a subtype of thyroid cancer that has a high
rate of metastasis or recurrence and a relatively poor prognosis. However, there are few …

Patients with differentiated thyroid cancer usually present with early-stage disease and
undergo surgery followed by adjuvant radioactive iodine ablation, resulting in excellent …

Anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) are highly aggressive malignant tumors with poor
overall prognosis despite multimodal therapy. As ATC are extremely rare, no randomized …

Immunotherapy has revolutionised the treatment of oncological patients, but its application
in various endocrine tumours is rather limited and is mainly used when conventional …

Background Pediatric medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) is one of the rare pediatric endocrine
neoplasms. Derived from C cells of thyroid glands, MTC is more aggressive and more …