Dramatic improvement of our understanding of the genetic basis of vision was brought by
the molecular characterization of the bovine rhodopsin gene and the human rhodopsin and …

The visual displays of animals and plants are often colourful, and colour vision allows
animals to respond to these signals as they forage for food, choose mates and so-forth. This …

Vertebrate vision is accomplished through light-sensitive photopigments consisting of an
opsin protein bound to a chromophore. In dim light, vertebrates generally rely on a single …

The visual pigments of vertebrates evolved about 500 million years ago, before the major
evolutionary step of the development of jaws. Four spectrally distinct classes of cone opsin …

THE cause of stuttering is unknown1. Failure to develop left-hemispheric dominance for
speech is a long-standing theory1 although others implicate the motor system more …

We have determined the structure of bovine rhodopsin at 2.65 Å resolution using untwinned
native crystals in the space group P31, by molecular replacement from the 2.8 Å model …

The human red and green color vision pigments are identical at all but 15 of their 364 amino
acids, and yet their absorption maxima differ by 31 nm. In an extensive mutagenesis study …

Birds are highly visual animals with complex visual systems. In this article, we discuss the
spectral characteristics and genetic mechanisms of the spectral tuning of avian visual …

A striking level of diversity of visual systems in different species reflects their adaptive
responses to various light environments. To study the adaptive evolution of visual systems …

Direct structural data on receptors coupled to G proteins were obtained last year in the form
of a low resolution projection map of rhodopsin. A large number of receptor sequences have …