Sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors block glucose reabsorption in the renal
proximal tubule, an insulin-independent mechanism that plays a critical role in glycemic …

This review focuses on one family of the known cAMP receptors, the exchange proteins
directly activated by cAMP (EPACs), also known as the cAMP-regulated guanine nucleotide …

Light-driven sodium pumps actively transport small cations across cellular membranes.
These pumps are used by microorganisms to convert light into membrane potential and …

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a common chronic liver disease that may advance to
fibrosis and lead to mortality; however, no pharmacotherapy is currently available. We tested …

Clinical trials with sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors (empagliflozin,
dapagliflozin, and canagliflozin) have shown a decrease in the progression of chronic …

Glucose is the most abundant monosaccharide, and an essential source of energy for most
living cells. Glucose transport across the cell membrane is mediated by two types of …

Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a novel class of oral hypoglycemic
agents which increase urinary glucose excretion by suppressing glucose reabsorption at the …

The worldwide epidemics of obesity and diabetes have been linked to increased sugar
consumption in humans. Here, we review fructose and glucose metabolism, as well as …

Pathogenic microorganisms that are multidrug-resistant can pose severe clinical and public
health concerns. In particular, bacterial multidrug efflux transporters of the major facilitator …

The intestinal barrier is composed of several essential elements including luminal enzymes,
bile acids, water layer, epithelial layer, and enterocyte layer. It acts as a dynamic interface …