Given that hypoxia is a persistent physiological feature of many different solid tumors and a
key driver for cancer malignancy, it is thought to be a major target in cancer treatment …

Nanozymes are nanomaterials with catalytic properties similar to those of natural enzymes,
and they have recently been collectively identified as a class of innovative artificial enzymes …

Programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) is a checkpoint receptor expressed on the surface
of various immune cells. PD-L1, the natural receptor for PD-1, is mainly expressed in tumor …

Introduction Metastasis is an important cause of high mortality and lethality of oral cancer.
Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn) can promote tumour metastasis. Outer membrane vesicles …

Eukaryotic cells engage in autophagy, an internal process of self-degradation through
lysosomes. Autophagy can be classified as selective or non-selective depending on the way …

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) play a key role in regulating tumorigenesis, progression, as well
as recurrence, and possess typical metabolic characteristics. Autophagy is a catabolic …

Recent evidence suggests that autophagy is a governed catabolic framework enabling the
recycling of nutrients from injured organelles and other cellular constituents via a lysosomal …

Mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation by natural compounds is known to be
involved in the induction of apoptosis, paraptosis, and autophagy. Cannabidiol (CBD), a …

Autophagy plays a pivotal role in physiology and pathophysiology, including cancer.
Mechanisms of autophagy dysregulation in cancer remain elusive. Loss of function of …

One of the central regulators of cell growth, proliferation, and metabolism is the mammalian
target of rapamycin, mTOR, which exists in two structurally and functionally different …