Glycosylation is a ubiquitous post-translational modification responsible for a multitude of
crucial biological roles. As obligate parasites, viruses exploit host-cell machinery to …

Influenza viruses are still a serious threat to human health. Cytokines are essential for cell-to-
cell communication and viral clearance in the immune system, but excessive cytokines can …

The influenza viruses are some of the most important human pathogens, causing substantial
seasonal and pandemic morbidity and mortality. In humans, infection of the lower respiratory …

The molecular basis of antigenic drift was determined for the hemagglutinin (HA) of human
influenza A/H3N2 virus. From 1968 to 2003, antigenic change was caused mainly by single …

The seasonal human influenza A/H3N2 virus undergoes rapid evolution, which produces
significant year-to-year sequence turnover in the population of circulating strains. Adaptive …

Influenza virus has resurfaced recently from inactivity during the early stages of the COVID-
19 pandemic, raising serious concerns about the nature and magnitude of future epidemics …

Vaccines activate suitable immune responses to fight against diseases but can possess
limitations such as compromised efficacy and immunogenic responses, poor stability, and …

Hemagglutinin (HA) is most abundant glycoprotein on the influenza virus surface. Influenza
HA promotes viral entry by engaging the receptor and mediating virus–host membrane …

Seasonal influenza A viruses (IAV) originate from pandemic IAV and have undergone
changes in antigenic structure, including addition of glycans to the hemagglutinin (HA) …

Annual seasonal influenza vaccines are composed of two influenza A strains representing
the H1N1 and H3N2 subtypes, and two influenza B strains representing the Victoria and …