The long history of life on Earth has unfolded as a cause-and-effect relationship with the
evolving amount of oxygen (O2) in the oceans and atmosphere. Oxygen deficiency …

The biological pump is a process whereby CO2 in the upper ocean is fixed by primary
producers and transported to the deep ocean as sinking biogenic particles or as dissolved …

The rise of complex macroscopic life occurred during the Ediacaran Period, an interval that
witnessed large-scale disturbances to biogeochemical systems. The current Ediacaran …

The rise of animals occurred during an interval of Earth history that witnessed dynamic
marine redox conditions, potentially rapid plate motions, and uniquely large perturbations to …

The ocean‐atmosphere system is typically envisioned to have gone through a unidirectional
oxygenation with significant oxygen increases in the earliest (ca. 635 Ma), middle (ca. 580 …

The early diversification of animals (∼ 630 Ma), and their development into both motile and
macroscopic forms (∼ 575–565 Ma), has been linked to stepwise increases in the …

The oxygen content of the Earth's surface environment is thought to have increased in two
broad steps: the Great Oxygenation Event (GOE) around the Archean–Proterozoic boundary …

Metazoans are likely to have their roots in the Cryogenian period,,, but there is a marked
increase in the appearance of novel animal and algae fossils shortly after the termination of …

Variations in the 13C/12C value of total dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) in the world's
oceans through time have been documented through stratigraphic study of marine …

Construction and assembly of the Geologic Time Scale involves:(a) constructing a relative
(chronostratigraphic) standard scale for key periods in the Earth's rock record;(b) identifying …