Rats incorporate circa 22kHz ultrasonic alarm cries into their defense pattern in response to
a predator threat. These calls are dependent on conspecific presence, show gender …

Social living goes hand in hand with communication, but the details of this relationship are
rarely simple. Complex communication may be described by attributes as diverse as a …

Gull chicks beg for food from their parents. Peacocks spread their tails to attract potential
mates. Meerkats alert family members of the approach of predators. But are these--and other …

Discriminating among individuals is a critical social behavior in humans and many other
animals [1–3] and is often required for offspring and mate recognition, territorial or coalitional …

Significant advances have been made in understanding kin recognition as it pertains to
nepotism (preferential treatment of kin) and mate choice (optimization of inbreeding and …

Unlike individually distinctive contact calls, or calls that aid in the recognition of young by
their parents, the function or functions of individually distinctive alarm calls is less obvious …

Individuals produce distinctive vocalizations that may contain considerable potential
information about a signaller. Simply finding significant covariation between call structure …

Where alarm signals function to warn others of the presence of threat, variation is likely to
exist in the reliability of alarm signalers. Some signalers, with too low a threshold of …

Unlike individually distinctive territorial calls, contact calls, or calls that aid in the recognition
of young by their parents, the function or functions of individually distinctive alarm calls …

Primates give alarm calls in response to the presence of predators. In some species, such as
the Thomas langur (Presbytis thomasi), males only emit alarm calls if there is an audience …