Approaches based on animal and two-dimensional (2D) cell culture models cannot ensure
reliable results in modeling novel pathogens or in drug testing in the short term; therefore …

Cryptosporidium infects gastrointestinal epithelium and is a leading cause of infectious
diarrhea and diarrheal-related death in children worldwide. There are no vaccines and no …

Cryptosporidium spp. are opportunistic protozoan parasites that infect epithelial cells of the
small intestine and cause diarrheal illness in both immunocompetent and immunodeficient …

Background Cryptosporidium species are zoonotic protozoans that are important causes of
diarrhoeal disease in both humans and animals. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) play an …

The cells of the intestinal epithelium establish the frontline for host defense against
pathogens in the gastrointestinal tract and play a vital role in the initiation of the immune …

Cryptosporidium parvum could regulate the expression of microRNAs of epithelial cells to
facilitate its intracellular propagation. MiR-4521 has been reported to play an important role …

Animals with a chronic infection of the parasite Toxoplasma gondii are protected against
lethal secondary infection with other pathogens. Our group previously determined that …

Interferon (IFN) was discovered based on interference with virus production, and three types
of IFN are now defined. Since its discovery, IFN's roles have expanded beyond viruses to …

Interferons (IFNs) are a group of cellular proteins with critical roles in the regulation of
immune responses in the course of microbial infections. Moreover, expressions of IFNs are …

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-bound particles released by cells that play vital
roles in intercellular communication by transporting diverse biologically active molecules …