Clinicians can encounter sex and gender disparities in diagnostic and therapeutic
responses. These disparities are noted in epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical …

Abstract Background Emerging evidence from China suggests that coronavirus disease
2019 (COVID-19) is deadlier for infected men than women with a 2.8% fatality rate being …

A male bias in mortality has emerged in the COVID-19 pandemic, which is consistent with
the pathogenesis of other viral infections. Biological sex differences may manifest …

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has increased awareness about sex-specific differences
in immunity and outcomes following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Strong evidence of a male bias …

Immune responses to antigens, including innocuous, self, tumor, microbial, and vaccine
antigens, differ between males and females. The quest to uncover the mechanisms for …

Strong epidemiological evidence now exists that sex is an important biologic variable in
immunity. Recent studies, for example, have revealed that sex differences are associated …

The extreme diversity of the human immune system, forged and maintained throughout
evolutionary history, provides a potent defense against opportunistic pathogens. At the same …

In humans, the combination of all sex-specific genetic, epigenetic, and hormonal influences
of biologic sex produces different in vivo environments for male and female cells. We dissect …

In COVID-19 disease, are reported gender differences in relation to severity and death. The
aim of this review is to highlight gender differences in the immune response to COVID-19 …

Immunotherapies are often used for the treatment, remission, and possible cure of
autoimmune diseases, infectious diseases, and cancers. Empirical evidence illustrates that …