Many plants interact with carnivores as an indirect defence against herbivores. The release
of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and the secretion of extrafloral nectar (EFN) are …

▪ Abstract Protective ant-plant interactions, important in both temperate and tropical
communities, are increasingly used to study a wide range of phenomena of general interest …

Biological control provides an environmentally safe, cost-effective and energyefficient
means of pest control, either alone or as a component of integrated pest management. The …

Indirect responses are defensive strategies by which plants attract natural enemies of their
herbivores that act as plant defending agents. Such defences can be either constitutively …

Feeding on Non-Prey Resources by Natural Enemies Moshe Coll Reports on the
consumption of non-prey food sources, particularly plant materials, by predators and …

Sigmoid functional responses may arise from a variety of mechanisms, one of which is
switching to alternative food sources. It has long been known that sigmoid (Holling's Type III) …

In the past 100 years many exotic naturalenemies have been imported, mass reared
andreleased as biological control agents. Negativeenvironmental effects of these releases …

The majority of predators and parasitoids require non-prey food as part of their diet. The
availability of suitable non-prey food can impact predator–prey and parasitoid–host …

In the banker plant method, long-lasting rearing units for beneficials are created in the crop
by distributing plants infested with herbivores or carrying other food items, such as pollen …

It is well established that plants provide alternative foods to predators of herbivorous
arthropods. This provision may facilitate protection against herbivory. However, plants often …