Drug delivery into the brain is regulated by the blood–brain interfaces. The blood–brain
barrier (BBB), the blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCSFB), and the blood–arachnoid …

This review, part of a special issue on drug-drug interactions (DDIs) spearheaded by the
International Society for the Study of Xenobiotics (ISSX) New Investigators, explores the …

Abstract “Genomically” humanized animals are invaluable tools for generating human
disease models and for biomedical research. Humanized animal models have generally …

Isolated brain capillaries are essential for analyzing the changes of protein expressions at
the blood–brain barrier (BBB) under pathological conditions. The standard brain capillary …

Mammalian artificial chromosomes derived from native chromosomes have been applied to
biomedical research and development by generating cell sources and transchromosomic …

We aimed at predicting the drug-drug interaction (DDI) risk of P-glycoprotein (P-gp)
substrates by using P-gp expressing LLC-PK1 cells and its knockout mice (KO). The area …

The brain is protected from toxins by a tightly regulated network of specialized cells,
including endothelial cells, pericytes, astrocyes, and neurons, known collectively as the …

Background and Purpose P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) exhibits a broad substrate specificity and
affects pharmacokinetics, especially intestinal absorption. However, prediction, in vivo, of P …

To study the effect of plateau hypoxia on the concentration of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) substrate
phenytoin, Wistar rats are randomly divided into the control group and the hypoxic group …

P-glycoprotein, the encoded product of the MDR1/ABCB1 gene in humans, is expressed in
numerous tissues including brain capillary endothelial cells and restricts the distribution of …