The immune system is a very diverse system of the host that evolved during evolution to
cope with various pathogens present in the vicinity of environmental surroundings inhabited …

Abstract Toll/IL-1R domain-containing adaptor-inducing IFN-β (TRIF)-dependent signaling is
required for TLR-mediated production of type-I IFN and several other proinflammatory …

Across Europe, the genetics of the Chalcolithic/Bronze Age transition is increasingly
characterized in terms of an influx of Steppe-related ancestry. The effect of this major shift on …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are germ-line-encoded innate immune sensors that recognize
conserved microbial structures and host alarmins and signal expression of MHC proteins …

Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is still a major health problem worldwide. Recently,
a great number of genetic studies based on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and …

The extent of the devastation of the Black Death pandemic (1346–1353) on European
populations is known from documentary sources and its bacterial source illuminated by …

The innate immune response is the major front line of defense against viral infections. It
involves hundreds of genes with antiviral properties which expression is induced by type I …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pathogen recognition receptors, and primitive sources of
innate immune response that also play key roles in the defense mechanism against …

Toll-like receptors were discovered as proteins playing a crucial role in the dorsoventral
patterning during embryonic development in the Drosophila melanogaster (D …

Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) recognize common microbial or host‐derived macromolecules
and have important roles in early activation of the immune system. Patients with primary …