Background Greater trochanteric pain syndrome (GTPS) can have a significant effect on
quality of life. Aim To evaluate the conservative treatments for GTPS. Design This systematic …

Background: Recent basic science studies have demonstrated local anesthetic
chondrotoxicity in vivo and in vitro in both human and animal cartilage. Clinically …

Background: It has been shown that bupivacaine, the most commonly used local anesthetic
for postoperative intra-articular use, is cytotoxic to bovine articular chondrocytes in vitro …

Background: Single intra-articular injections of local anesthetics are commonly used
clinically. Recent in vitro studies have demonstrated chondrotoxic effects of local …

Purpose: Intra-articular use of 0.5% bupivacaine is common in arthroscopic surgery. This
study was conducted to test the hypotheses that (1) 0.5% bupivacaine is toxic to articular …

We have studied the effects of bupivacaine on human and bovine articular chondrocytes in
vitro. Time-lapse confocal microscopy of human articular chondrocytes showed> 95 …

Purpose: Postoperative pain pumps are increasingly used to deliver a continuous infusion of
local anesthetic into the surgical wound or the joint. Recently, there have been concerns that …

Background Recent reports have noted the appearance of postarthroscopic glenohumeral
chondrolysis. Although this devastating process has been identified, no cause has been …

Acetylcholine (ACh) is not only a neurotransmitter but is an ancient molecule that can be
released by and act on non-neuronal cells. In these cells the system of ACh-synthesizing …

Adjuvants are compounds which by themselves have undesirable side-effects or low
potency but in combination with opioids allow a reduction of narcotic dosing for …