Microglia activation is observed in various neurodegenerative diseases. Recent advances in
single-cell technologies have revealed that these reactive microglia were with high spatial …

Neuroinflammation is a hallmark of many neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) and plays a
fundamental role in mediating the onset and progression of disease. Microglia, which …

Background Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative
disorder, characterized by motor and non-motor symptoms, significantly affecting patients' …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder where alpha-synuclein plays a
central role in the death and dysfunction of neurons, both, in central, as well as in the …

Multiple lines of evidence indicate that immune system dysfunction has a role in Parkinson
disease (PD); this evidence includes clinical and genetic associations between autoimmune …

Classically, the following three morphological states of microglia have been defined:
ramified, amoeboid and phagocytic. While ramified cells were long regarded as “resting” …

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) such as Alzheimer disease (AD), Parkinson disease
(PD), and Huntington disease (HD) represent a major socio-economic challenge in view of …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are discovered as crucial pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)
involved in the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Later …

Glia are essential for brain functioning during development and in the adult brain. Here, we
discuss the various roles of both microglia and astrocytes, and their interactions during brain …

Parkinson disease (PD) is a chronic, progressive neurological disease that is associated
with a loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta of the brain. The …